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Ozone Applications

1,4-Dioxane removal with ozone A New Formulation Based on Ozonated Sunflower Seed Oil: In Vitro Antibacterial and Safety Evaluation AOP Agri-Food Processing Air Treatment Antibacterial Activity of Ozonized Sunflower Oil, Oleozón, Against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Antifungal Activity of Olive Oil and Ozonated Olive Oil Against Candida Spp. and Saprochaete Spp. Aquaculture BTEX Remediation under Challenging Site Conditions Using In-Situ Ozone Injection and Soil Vapor Extraction Technologies: A Case Study BTEX removal with ozone Beef (Red Meat) Processing with Ozone Benzene Body Odors Bottled Water Cannabis Catalytic Ozonation of Gasoline Compounds in Model and Natural Water in the Presence of Perfluorinated Alumina Bonded Phases Clean in Place (CIP) Combined Ozone and Ultrasound for the Removal of 1,4-Dioxane from Drinking Water Cooling Tower Cost Effectiveness of Ozonation and AOPs for Aromatic Compound Removal from Water: A Preliminary Study Create your own Ozonated Oils Dairy Farms Degradation of tert-Butyl Alcohol in Dilute Aqueous Solution by an O3/UV Process Drinking Water Drinking Water Disinfection E.coli O157:H7 Reduction with Ozone Effectiveness of Ozone for Inactivation of Escherichia coli and Bacillus Cereus in Pistachios Efficiency of Ozonation and AOP for Methyl-tert-Butylether (MTBE) Removal in Waterworks Ethylbenzene Evaluation of Ozone AOP for Degradation of 1,4-Dioxane Exploring the Potential of Ozonated Oils in Dental Care Exploring the Potential of Ozonated Oils in Hair Care Fire Restoration Food Odors Force Main Treatment Germicidal Properties of Ozonated Sunflower Oil Grain Treatment Groundwater Remediation Hoof Bath Hydroponic Greenhouses In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Ozonated Sunflower Oil against Antibiotic-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis Isolated from Endodontic Infection Influence of Storage Temperature on the Composition and the Antibacterial Activity of Ozonized Sunflower Oil Insect Control in Grains Kinetic Analysis of Ozonation Degree Effect on the Physicochemical Properties of Ozonated Vegetable Oils Laundry Laundry Listeria Inactivation with Ozone MTBE removal with ozone Machine Coolant Tanks Measurement of Peroxidic Species in Ozonized Sunflower Oil Mitigation strategies for Salmonella, E. coli O157:H7, and Antimicrobial Resistance Throughout the Beef Production Chain Mold Removal in Grain Mold/Mildew Odors Municipal Water Treatment Mycotoxin Reduction in Grain Nanobubbles Odor Removal Oxidation of Methyl tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE) and Ethyl tert-Butyl Ether (ETBE) by Ozone and Combined Ozone/Hydrogen Peroxide Oxidize Tannins from Water with Ozone Oxy-Oils Ozonated Oils Ozonated Ice & Fish Storage Ozonated Mineral Oil: Preparation, Characterization and Evaluation of the Microbicidal Activity Ozonated Oils: Nature's Remedy for Soothing Bug Bites Ozonated Olive Oil Ozonated Olive Oil Enhances the Growth of Granulation Tissue in a Mouse Model of Pressure Ulcer Ozonated Olive Oil with a High Peroxide Value for Topical Applications: In-Vitro Cytotoxicity Analysis with L929 Cells Ozonation Degree of Vegetable Oils as the Factor of Their Anti-Inflammatory and Wound-Healing Effectiveness Ozonation of Soluble Organics in Aqueous Solutions Using Microbubbles Ozone Gas and Ozonized Sunflower Oil as Alternative Therapies against Pythium Insidiosum Isolated from Dogs Ozone Inactivation of E.Coli at Various O3 Concentrations and Times Ozone Regulations in Food Processing Ozone Regulations in Organic Food Production Ozone in Air Applications Ozone in Sanitation Ozone in Seafood Processing Ozone use for Post-Harvest Processing of Berries Ozone use for Surface Sanitation on Dairy Farms Pet Odors Physico-chemical Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of Ozonated Pomegranate Seeds Oil Pool & Spa Proinflammatory Event of Ozonized Olive Oil in Mice RES Case Studies Resolution Concerning the Use of Ozone in Food Processing Spectroscopic Characterization of Ozonated Sunflower Oil Stability Studies of Ozonized Sunflower Oil and Enriched Cosmetics with a Dedicated Peroxide Value Determination Study of Ozonated Olive Oil: Monitoring of the Ozone Absorption and Analysis of the Obtained Functional Groups Study of Ozonated Sunflower Oil Using 1H NMR and Microbiological Analysis Surface Sanitation TBA Removal with ozone Teat Wash Tobacco Odors Toluene Treatment of Groundwater Contaminated with 1,4-Dioxane, Tetrahydrofuran, and Chlorinated Volatile Organic Compounds Using Advanced Oxidation Processes Treatment of groundwater contaminated with gasoline components by an ozone/UV process Ultra-Pure Water Utilization of Ozone for the Decontamination of Small Fruits Various Antimicrobial Agent of Ozonized Olive Oil Vertical Farming with Ozone Waste Water Treatment Water Re-use Water Treatment Water Treatment Well Water Treatment Xylene

Ozone production from Corona Discharge

How does a Corona Discharge Ozone Generator work?

The heart of every ozone system is the ozone generator. Ozone (O3) is created from Oxygen (O2) in nature and in ozone generators for commercial or industrial applications, however Ozone (O3) quickly reverts back to molecular Oxygen (O2). Ozone cannot be stored due to a short half-life and must be produced on-site and on-demand. Therefore, the ozone generator is the most important component of any successful ozone system.

Industrial and commercial ozone applications use Corona Discharge ozone generators almost exclusively. There is an almost infinite number of variations to the fundamental corona discharge principle, and we will layout many of those variations in this article. However, the fundamentals of a diffused electrical discharge through a dielectric material to create a corona discharge to generate ozone will all be shared.

 

Fundamentals of Corona Discharge:

Ozone is produced from electrical discharge, commonly referred to as a spark. Great deals of ozone are produced from lightening during a thunderstorm. This is one of the reasons you smell the “fresh” smell after a thunderstorm.

Lightning creates ozone

 

Any electrical discharge, or spark will create ozone. The spark will split the oxygen molecule (O2) found in ambient air into elemental oxygen (O). These Oxygen atoms will quickly bind to another oxygen molecule (O2) to form ozone (O3).

The electrical energy used in ozone generation splits the oxygen molecule. The theoretical energy required to split the oxygen molecule is described below:

      -0.82 kWh of electrical power for every 1 kg of ozone generated

      -0.372 kWh of electrical power for every 1 lb of ozone generated

In actual ozone production, the energy required to produce ozone will be 10 – 20 times the mathematical figures shown due to the ozone generation inefficiencies.

In a corona discharge ozone generator, the electrical discharge will take place in an air gap within the corona cell designed specifically to split the oxygen molecule and produce ozone. In this air gap a dielectric is used to distribute the electron flow evenly across this gap to spread the electron flow to as great a volume of oxygen as possible.

 

Dielectric Used to Create Corona:

A single spark from an anode to cathode will find a few oxygen molecules in-between and will produce some ozone. However, if this spark is spread out over a greater area, more oxygen molecules will be contacted. This is the reason for the dielectric barrier used in an ozone generator to create a corona. Using a dielectric the spark is spread over a greater area and creates a true corona.

Ozone Corona Discharge

 

High Voltage Transformer:

To push the electrical discharge through the dielectric material a higher voltage is required. Therefore, an ozone generator will implement some type of transformer to increase the voltage from line voltage up to 600 – 20,000 volts depending upon the dielectric, and air gap between the anode and cathode.

Using this high voltage corona discharge as oxygen molecules are passed through the gap between the dielectric and the anode or cathode ozone will be produced. These are the fundamentals of corona discharge. Below we will examine the common components used in these ozone generators and the benefits of each.

Ozone generated by corona discharge

 

Cooling:

Creating a corona discharge with high voltages and great deals of energy to push through a dielectric barrier will create great deals of heat. In every corona discharge ozone generator heat will be created that must be removed from the ozone generator. Corona discharge ozone generators can be either air cooled or water cooled. In either case the excess heat must be safely removed from the corona cell as ozone production will be reduced with excess heat due to the decreasing half-life of ozone as the temperature increases.

 

Feed Gas:

Ozone is produced from oxygen. Oxygen is present in our ambient air at a level of about 20%. Using air to produce ozone will work and will produce ozone from the oxygen in ambient air. However, if a higher concentration of oxygen is used, more ozone will be produced. Many ozone generators will implement an oxygen concentrator to increase oxygen levels in the feed gas and increase overall ozone production.

More info on ozone generator feed-gas comparing Oxygen and Dry-Air

With either air or oxygen feed-gas it is extremely important that this air is perfectly clean and dry to eliminate the potential of creating dangerous by-products during ozone production.

 Corona discharge ozone generators are called many things based on the small differences between them. Names like “cold plasma”, “plasma generator”, “cold corona”, and many others have been coined. In the end, these are all variations of the fundamental corona discharge ozone generator.

 

Example of Corona Discharge:

 

 

Components of a Corona Discharge Ozone Generator:

There are many types and styles of corona discharge ozone generators. These go by many names, but are fundamentally the same, using these components:

     -Dielectric - material to diffuse the spark into a corona, these may be one of the following materials

            *Glass

            *Ceramic

            *Quartz

            *Mica

     -Corona cell to house the dielectric and provide the anode and cathode for the corona to originate from, and to pass to.

            *Corona cell may house a dielectric that is a flat plate, or conical tube.

            *Corona cell may be constructed of Stainless Steel, Aluminum, or other ozone-resistant materials

     -High voltage transformer to increase voltage of the electrical discharge

     -Power supply to regulate power to the transformer

            *60Hz machines will only regulate the voltage to the transformer

            *High-frequency machines (greater than 60 Hz) will regulate frequency and/or voltage to transformer

 

 

 

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:

Ozone Generator Buyers Guide

Ozone FAQ's

Ozone Generator Feed-Gas, Oxygen vs Air compared

Measure ozone production from an Ozone Generator

How to read and understand an ozone generator performance chart

Ozone Generator Output vs Concentration

How UV Lamp ozone generators work

 

White paper:On the Performance of Ozone Generators Working with Dielectric Barrier Discharges

White Paper: Guideline for Measurement of Ozone Concentration in the Process Gas From an Ozone Generator